DJasonFleming
Books • Movies • Writing
On Ambiguity
November 21, 2023
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© 2023 D. Jason Fleming, CC BY-SA 4.0

I read an author's story and offered editorial comments for free, as a friend. Given that I was subject to abuse and contempt for doing so, this is not a mistake I will make again.

The story had a major flaw that made it unpublishable without fixing: the ending was so unclear that readers would not have any idea what happened or how things actually resolved. My advice that this had to be fixed was ignored, and the story got bad reviews, and the author continues to this day in the belief that he was right, I and the readers were wrong, and nobody understood that he was going for "ambiguity" in the ending.

If your readers don't understand what actually happened, that is not ambigous, that is a lack of clarity. There is a difference.

My favorite example of what ambiguity really is is from a movie I don't much like (though it's a very good film), Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven. (I may go into why I dislike it some other time.)

The climax of the film is all but unforgettable. Eastwood's character has killed virtually everyone standing against him, the main villain, played perfectly by Gene Hackman, lies shot on the floor looking up at his killer. He rasps out: "I don't deserve this. I was building a house."

Eastwood raises his rifle, snarls "Deserve's got nothing to do with it," and shoots him again.

What happens is exceedingly clear. But at this point in the movie, "deserve" actually has everything to do with it. Not only did Hackman's town boss, Little Bill, condone an injustice, he also tortured and killed Eastwood's best friend, leading to the apocalyptic, rain-drenched final shoot out.

So what the hell did William Munny mean by that? That's ambiguity.

Certainly, you can come up with possibilities for what he meant. The most obvious, and thematically attuned, explanation is that Munny had given up being a killer for a decade or so, but Little Bill's civilized savagery had reawakened his killer instinct, after which it did not matter to Munny whether anybody in his way deserved it or not. Another possible meaning arises from earlier dialogue between the Schofield Kid and Munny:

"I guess he had it comin', huh?"

"We all got it comin', kid."

It doesn't matter whether Little Bill deserved it or not, he's going to die, just like everybody else. Could that be it?

And if I watched the movie more recently than I have, I could probably find at least three other interpretations just from the film itself, before venturing further into its larger mythic resonance with Eastwood's career up to that point.

Lack of clarity makes your reader go "huh?" and yanks him out of the story.

Ambiguity makes your reader think and ponder and mull over what happened, and try to figure out exactly why, or what a character meant, or why a character acted in a way that seems contrary to his nature, but also manages to feel "right" even so.

You want to leave your readers pondering questions and interpretations, not scratching their heads and wondering just what in the hell actually happened.

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Here is the Table of Contents for an issue of Western Story Weekly from 1932.

Can you see what's funny and inspiring about it?

No?

The first three authors are all one author. Max Brand, Peter Henry Morland and George Owen Baxter were (just a few of the) pen names of Frederick Schiller Faust. That magnificent so-and-so was not only one of the best pulp writers, he wrote so stinking fast that he could take up more than half the issue of a weekly pulp, and do it on the regular.

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Free Culture Art

I generate a lot of AI art for potential book covers. Much of it will never get used, so I'm sharing things here that I have no plans for, under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ) International License. One a day, every day, for as long as I feel like it.

(Cross-posted to Minds (https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1591570775834365956 ).)

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Free Culture Art

I generate a lot of AI art for potential book covers. Much of it will never get used, so I'm sharing things here that I have no plans for, under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ) International License. One a day, every day, for as long as I feel like it.

(Cross-posted to Minds (https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1591570380860952586 ).)

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All hook, no substance

I chanced to listen to the radio the other day, something I haven't done often in over twenty years. The radio in the car I was driving happened to be tuned to what used to be called an oldies station, but these days is kind of the same mush on every radio station—a blend of stuff from the '70s up to now, with recordings of the same "DJ" everybody probably hears across the country on some stations, because local broadcast radio is basically dead.

But that's a rant for another day.

As I drove, the unmistakable opening notes to a song I remembered fondly from my childhood started, and I thought something like "Man, I loved this, but I was a kid, rarely listened to the words, and can't even remember what the second or third verses might be." So I listened.

Turns out, there was good reason for that. The song doesn't go anywhere. There's the verse, the chorus, repeat, and done. It's literally three great hooks, some "deep" lines that don't add up to anything, and nothing more.

Now, the purpose of the song was to support a movie about a band, Eddie and the Cruisers. The song wasn't important, per se, to the movie except to have something cool, rocking, and distinctive for the band to play. Those hooks, that feel, was what was important, really. But as a song, it falls apart because it's not about anything, and the melody doesn't go anywhere.

In a way, the song is quite good for what it is supposed to be. It's supposed to be a minor hit from the early 1960s, pre-British Invasion. As that, it actually fits some standards of the time. Short. Emotional. Uncomplicated.

But even there, the shortest songs of the era had a feeling of going somewhere. "Stay (Just A Little Bit Longer)" by Maurice Williams & The Zodiacs is about a minute and a half, but even though it's static in a storytelling sense (it ends with the same plea that opens it), it has real emotional movement to it. "On the Dark Side" tries to do this with the (wonderful, if brief) sax solo.

This is why the song is a nostalgia piece, not something that new generations discover and embrace as their own, in spite of the cult status of the movie for which it was created.

This is a good thing to remember when writing a story (of any length), too. Yes, you need a great hook, something to grab the reader and make him think "Whoa, that's cool!" And if you can do three great hooks, that's even better. but you need more than just hooks. The story has to be about something, and has to have some kind of movement to it, even if you wind up right back at the beginning.

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Ephemeral
Even things that suck should be preserved

In August 2024, a new video game was released called Concord. Two weeks later, due to disastrous numbers, Playstation announced the game would be taken down, and all players would be fully refunded.

Why and how the game sucked, which it clearly did, is not important here. What is important is that it is, as far as I can tell, going to vanish from all human knowledge. The game, being an online sort of a thing, will cease to be, or at least, playing it will never be an option for anyone.

Something similar happened a year or two ago when Disney+ cancelled, then removed, the Willow series from its service. They did it for a tax write-off, but what they are doing is removing a creation, however awful, from the sum total of human endeavor.

This is not remotely Disney's first memory hole rodeo. The Song of the South has been locked away in their archives, the copyright renewed for the sole purpose of denying its availability to the public.

This deliberate vanishing of creations bothers me deeply.

Heck, I get grouchy about some pulp magazines from the 1900s, like (for example) issues of Railroad Man's Magazineapparently not being extant, meaning the world is missing out on early short stories by Johnston McCulley (and possibly even a serialized novel or two by him) and others. I still retain hope that Lon Chaney's film London after Midnight will turn up in an attic somewhere, because all we have are still images, and a loose remake from some years later. The fact that it was apparently not good is beside the point. It existed, and should be preserved. 

But the deliberate removal of a creation from human knowledge is another thing again. Those old pulps, and films, disappeared because of neglect. The idea that something can be disappeared by intention is haunting to me.

And not only to me. There are at least two novels about this idea.

Paul Auster's The Book of Illusions is an excellent book (don't hold Auster's NPR fan club, or his being an Important Author, against it) about a man who becomes obsessed with the life and work of a silent film comedian, Hector Mann, whose work disappeared for decades, until copies of his two-reel comedies began appearing anonymously in the mail to various university archives in the 1980s. His obsession leads him to discover what happened to Mann after his disappearance in 1928, and to learn of the existence of a list of films made, but never released, with tantalizing titles. He even gets to view one of them before... well, before what happens.

I've not read The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafón, and I should correct that. It's another "literary" book that may overcome its pretensions by sheer force of premise. A boy whose father owns a book shop takes him one day to the Cemetary of Forgotten Books, where he discovers a novel called The Shadow of the Wind by Julian Carax, and takes it home. It turns out to be the very last copy of that novel that is known to exist, and the author disappeared under mysterious circumstances. (And the implication, which might be wrong, is that the author made the books disappear when he did.)

Clearly, the idea of creative works being destroyed haunts the minds of creators, and not just me. 

There's a bit of a fine line I am willing to draw. I made attempts at being a screenwriter, years ago, and none of my screenplays remains extant. J. Michael Straczynski, creator of Babylon 5, destroys his notes and outlines so that all that remains available for anybody is the final, completed work. (He explicitly does this to make it difficult for academics to be able to impose their theories on his work after he is gone.) So: if there is a single creator, and they are destroying something never released to the world... it still makes me itchy (despite me being guilty of it myself), but I can sort of accept that.

But for a company like Disney to take completed work, released to the world (no matter how disastrously) and then vanish it for a tax write-off, of all things... that I cannot accept.

It would be better to allow the tax write-off, but instead of disappearance or destruction, encourage the company to release the unprofitable creation to the public domain. Would it not be better to release the Willow series on a Blu Ray set (without DRM), marked with a Creative Commons Zero license, and include the score on companion CDs within the set, also marked with the CC0 license, give them the write off, and let anyone who wants to make use of any and all of the assets as they see fit? I say it would. It goes against everything Disney currently stands for, but the law could be rewritten to encourage such an action.

And Concord? There I'm less sure how to go about it, since I'm less well versed in video games and how online, multiplayer games could be preserved and/or released to fans to remix. But I should think a similar thing could be done. Upload the source files to the Archive, maybe, and make the game engine public domain, too. Look at what's been done with the Unreal Engline, for example.

But there has to be a better path than destroying that which has been created. Has to be.

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To monograph, or not to monograph
A pinch of angst, a dash of navel-gazing

I've been wrestling for several years now with the idea of writing at least four monographs, two on film directors, and two reacting to works of applied philosophy.

The two reacting to books should be relatively easy. The initial idea for this whole thing began with Jeffrey Tucker's essay "Live Blogging A Book Makes You Smarter". Although I've wavered back and forth on doing it as actual blogging (you may have noticed that consistency in posting is not one of my strengths), keeping a journal of sorts as I react to a book chapter by chapter is well within my capabilities. It still feels pretentious to publish a book, but why the hell not? I've published a hundred or so by other writers.

The two on filmmakers are more daunting, given that I have little academic background, and despite having a coherent thematic approach for each (and that only some analytical writing has been done on either director), I'm more lost at sea for those.

There are two basic problems, and I should ignore both of them.

First, I've never done book-length nonfiction, let alone of an academic nature (and have zero desire to join the academy as it currently exists, frankly). Trying to organize my thoughts on the filmmakers' books feels like intellectual whack-a-mole, where I lay out any kind of an outline, and a voice in my head says "but what about [insert twenty-five things that are tangents, at best, from what I'm trying to say]?" The solution to this is to Just Write.

Second, imposter syndrome. I have no credentials, no outside validation. I'm not dumb, and indeed, know what I'm talking about to such an extent that when I discuss one of my obsessions with someone who does not share them, they tend to be intrigued and interested rather than bored.

The solution to this, also, is to Just Write.

Of course, there is also the issue of free time. I've got my indie editing. And editing for Raconteur Press, two lines of novels. And iktaPOP's public domain pulp. And iktaPOP's public domain line for homeschoolers that I need to start doing. And my own fiction writing. And, and, and.

The filmmakers are Jess Franco and Albert Pyun. The philosophers are Lysander Spooner and Ayn Rand (and the Spooner book will also be published by iktaPOP, partly because there is currently no good ebook edition of it available).

Chapters from any or all of these may get posted here, though once the books are ready for publication, the posts here will go behind the paywall to conform to Amazon's publication requirements.

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